l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 1 貌似犹太人的没一个超过公元前1000年的，这个真有意思 | l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 2 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_artifacts_significant_to_t
10-line ritual cup (c. 1 AD) - 2,000-year-old limestone cup with 10 lines of
Aramaic or Hebrew script found near the Zion Gate of the Old City of
Jerusalem. Found by U.S. archaeologists; Shimon Gibson of the University of
North Carolina at Charlotte stated that "To have 10 lines of text is
unprecedented..." They know it contains the Hebrew word for God indicating
it was probably important to the priests who used it in rituals.[3]
Amarna letters (c. 1300s BC) - correspondence on clay tablets between the
Egyptian administration and various Middle East kings petty sub-rulers in
Canaan during the New Kingdom.
Amman Citadel Inscription - 9th century BC inscription in the Ammonite
language, one of the few surviving written records of Ammon.
Arch of Titus - (c. 82 AD) relief shows spoils from the sack of Jerusalem by
the Romans in 70 AD. Depicted are the menorah and trumpets, as well as what
might be the Table of Showbread. (see: Judaea Capta coinage)
Babylonian Chronicles (c. 747 BC - 247 BC) - dealing with Nebuchadnezzar's
siege of Jerusalem, etc. (see Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC), Zedekiah and Book
of Kings, Book of Jeremiah, Lamentations.)
Balaam inscription (c. 840-760 BC) [4]9th or 8th century BC inscription
about a prophet named Balaam (cf. the Book of Numbers).[5]
Biblical period ostraca (broken pottery used for writing brief notes, the
ancient equivalent of notepaper) are relatively common in archaeological
digs. One ostracon, found at Elah, may contain the earliest known example of
Hebrew.
The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III (c. 858-824 BC) - scholars believe the
obelisk depicts either Jehu son of Omri (a king of Israel mentioned in 2
Kings), or Jehu's ambassador, paying homage to Assyrian king Shalmaneser III
(c.825 BC); an early, possibly the earliest, surviving picture of an
Israelite. The inscription identifies "the tribute of Jehu, son of Omri: I
received from him silver, gold, a golden bowl, a golden vase with pointed
bottom, golden tumblers, golden buckets, tin, a staff for a king [and]
spears."
Bubastis portal - showing a series of inscriptions recount
ing pharaoh Shishaq's invasion of Judah and Israel in 925 BC, located
outside the Temple of Amun at Karnak.(1 Kings 14:25; 2 Chronicles 12:1-12).[
6]
Bullae (c.715 – 687 BC or 716 – 687 BC) [7] (clay roundels impressed with
a personal seal identifying the owner of an object, the author of a document
, etc) are, like ostraka, relatively common, both in digs and on the
antiquities market. The identification of individuals named in bullae with
equivalent names from the Bible is difficult, but identifications have been
made with king Hezekiah [8] and his servants (עבדי&#
1501; avadim in Hebrew).
Bulla of Jehucal - son of Shelemiah, son of Shevi. This person seems to be
mentioned (twice) in the Book of Jeremiah who thus presumably lived in the
late 7th century BC (i.e. at about the same time as Jeremiah). (see Large
Stone Structure for discovery) (see also Book of Jeremiah).[9]
Bulla of Shaphan (r. 609-598 BC.) - possible link to a figure during the
reign of Jehoiakim.
Bulla of Gedalyahu/Galihu Ben Immer - A bulla was excavated that contains
part of a name Gabriel Barkay suggests may have been Galihu son of Immer, a
brother of Pashur son of Immer, who is described in the Bible [Jeremiah 20:1
] as a priest and temple official."[10][11]
Cave of the Patriarchs - The compound, located in the ancient city of Hebron
, is the second holiest site for Jews (after the Temple Mount in Jerusalem)
and is also venerated by Christians and Muslims all of whom have some
traditions which maintain that the site is the burial place of three
Biblical couples: (1) Abraham and Sarah; (2) Isaac and Rebekah; (3) Jacob
and Leah.
Code of Hammurabi (1786BC) - a well-preserved ancient law code, created ca.
1790 BC (middle chronology) in ancient Babylon. It was enacted by the sixth
Babylonian king, Hammurabi, and partial copies exist on a human-sized stone
stele and various clay tablets.
Cylinder of Cyrus (c. 559 BC-530 BC) - regarding King Cyrus's treatment of
religion, which is significant to the books of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah.
Cylinder of Nabonidus (555-539 BC) - proves Belshazzar's existence. See
Daniel 5; 7:1; 8:1. Daniel 5 describes Belshazzar's Feast where a hand was
seen writing on the wall of the chamber a mysterious sentence mene mene
tekel upharsin. (see also Nabonidus Chronicle)
The Elephantine papyri, ancient Jewish papyri dating to the 5th century BC,
name three persons mentioned in Nehemiah: Darius II, Sanballat the Horonite
and Johanan the high priest.
Deluge Tablet - The Epic of Gilgamesh records a Babylonian flood story (see:
Noah).
Ekron dedicatory inscription (7th century BC) - a dedicatory inscription of
the seventh-century king of Ekron, Achish. Achish is a name used in the
Hebrew Bible for two Philistine rulers of Gath. The inscription states "This
temple was built by 'Akish, son of Padi, son of Yasid, son of Ada, son of
Ya'ir, ruler of Ekron..." The inscription not only securely identifies the
site, it gives a brief king-list of rulers of Ekron, fathers to sons: Ya'ir,
Ada, Yasid, Padi, 'Akish.[12]
Erastus Inscription
Foundation Stone - stone also called the Well of Souls, now located in the
Dome of the Rock. According to the Bible, King David purchased a threshing
floor owned by Araunah the Jebusite,[13] and some believe that it was upon
this rock that he offered the sacrifice mentioned in the verse. David wanted
to construct a Temple in Jerusalem, but as his hands were "bloodied," he
was forbidden to do so himself. The task was left to his son Solomon, who
completed the Temple in c. 950 BC.
Gezer calendar (10th century BC) - calendar from the Biblical city of Gezer.
It is one of the oldest known examples of Hebrew writing.
Goliath Potsherd (10th to mid 9th centuries BC) - Potsherd inscribed with
the two names "alwt" and "wlt", etymologically related to the name Goliath.
The artifacts are therefore connected with Tell es-Safi, the traditional
identification of Gath.
Hashmonean coinage
Herodian architecture - Herodium
Herod's temple
Hezekiah's tunnel (c. 701 BC) - a tunnel created by King Hezekiah in
anticipation of an Assyrian invasion. From National Geographic: "The tunnel,
which is about 500 meters (550 yards) long, brings water from the Gihon
Springs [sic], located some 300 meters (330 yards) outside the walls of old
Jerusalem, to the Siloan Pool [sic] inside the ancient city. It was built to
protect the city's water supply during an Assyrian siege".[14]
Hittite texts
Ipuwer Papyrus (c. 13th century BC) - ancient papyrus manuscript describing
Egypt as afflicted by natural disasters and in a state of chaos. Statements
such as "the River is blood" have been interpreted by some as an Egyptian
account of the Plagues of Egypt described in the Book of Exodus in the Bible
.[15][16].
Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets (6th century BC) - date from the and describe
the rations set aside for a royal captive identified with Jehoiachin, king
of Judah (Cf. 2 Kings 24:12,15–6; 25:27–30; 2 Chronicles 36:9–10;
Jeremiah 22:24–6; 29:2; 52:31–4; Ezekiel 17:12).[17]
Jehohanan Crucifixion Nail (1st century AD) - Skeletal remains of crucified
individual, showing a nail through the right calcaneus bone. It gives
insight into the method of crucifixion used around the time of Jesus.[18]
Judaea Capta coinage
King Ahaz's Seal (732 to 716 BC) - Ahaz was a king of Judah but "did not do
what was right in the sight of the Lord his God, as his ancestor David had
done" (2 Kings 16:2; 2 Chronicles 28:1). He worshiped idols and followed
pagan practices. "He even made his son pass through fire, according to the
abominable practices of the nations" (2 Kings 16:3). Ahaz was the son and
successor of Jotham.
Khirbet Qeiyafa pottery sherd - (10th Century BC) early Hebrew inscription
dates from the reign of King David and contains lines "similar to some
Biblical scriptures, such as Isaiah 1:17, Psalms 72:3, and Exodus 23:3. Was
discovered in excavations near Israel's Elah valley.[19]
Kurkh Monolith (c. 859-824 BC) - names King Ahab of Israel, erected by
Shalmaneser III to commemorate the Battle of Karkar, which Ahab participated
in along with many other regional leaders.
Lachish letters - letters written in carbon ink by Hoshaiah, a military
officer stationed near Jerusalem, to Joash the commanding officer at Lachish
during the last years of Jeremiah during Zedekiah’s reign (c.588 BC) (see
Nehemiah 12:32, Jeremiah 42:1, 43:2). Lachish fell soon after, two years
before the fall of Jerusalem.[20]
Lachish relief - portion of the Sennacherib relief, which depicts captives
from Judah being led into captivity after the fall of Lachish in 701 BC [21]
Large Stone Structure - possible site of King David's palace.
Law tablets - ancient Near East legal tablets: Code of Hammurabi, Laws of
Eshnunna, the Code of Ur-Nammu, king of Ur (ca. 2050 BC), the Laws of
Eshnunna (ca. 1930 BC) and the codex of Lipit-Ishtar of Isin (ca. 1870 BC).[
22]. Later codes than Hammurabi's include the Code of the Nesilim [23].
Hittite laws, the Assyrian laws, and Mosaic Law / Ten Commandments. (see
Cuneiform law).
List of New Testament papyri
LMLK seals on storage jar handles, excavated from strata formed by
Sennacherib's invasion during the reign of Hezekiah.[24][25]
Melcarth/Ben-Hadad stele - William F. Albright identifies Bir-hadad with Ben
-hadad I, who was a contemporary of the biblical Asa and Baasha.
Merneptah Stele (c. 1209/1208 BC).- one of the earliest known references to
Israel or to the Israelites.
Mesha stele (also called the Moabite stone) (c.850 BC) - a Transjordan stele
describing the victories of Moabite king Mesha over the Kingdom of Israel.
French scholar André Lemaire suggested that line 31 of the Stele bears the
phrase "the house of David" (in Biblical Archaeology Review [May/June 1994],
pp. 30–37).
Midianite pottery - The Biblical account states that Midian was where Moses
spent the 40 years between the time that he fled Egypt after killing an
Egyptian who had been beating a Hebrew,[26] and his return to lead the
Israelites.[27] During those years, he married Zipporah, the daughter of
Jethro, the priest of Midian. In later years the Midianites were often
oppressive and hostile to the Israelites, at least partly as God's
punishment for their idolatry.[28]
Nabonidus Chronicle - Amélie Kuhrt describes it as "the most reliable and
sober [ancient] account of the fall of Babylon."[29]
Necho II basalt cartouche-found at Sidon, suggesting Necho II's involvement
in the region (see: Josiah)
Numbers amulets - Probably the oldest surviving texts currently known from
the Hebrew Bible - Priestly blessing dated to 600 BC.[30] Text from the Book
of Numbers in the Old Testament. Described as "one of most significant
discoveries ever made" for biblical studies.[31][32]
Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet - a clay cuneiform inscription referring to an official
at the court of Nebuchadrezzar II, king of Babylon, possibly the same
official named in the Biblical Jeremiah.[33]
Neo-Assyrian military record
Ostraca House - 64 legible ostraca found in the treasury of Ahab - written
in early Hebrew.
Pim weight - evidence of the use of an ancient source for the Book of Samuel
due to the use of an archaic term.
Seal of Jehucal - Jehucal or Jucal is mentioned in chapters 37 and 38 of the
Book of Jeremiah where King Zedekiah sends Jehucal son of Shelemiah and the
priest Zephaniah son of Maaseiah to the prophet Jeremiah saying `Please
pray for us to the Lord our God` (Chapter 38 verse 3).
Second Temple Inscription - inscription from Herod's Temple, late 1st
century BC. It warns gentiles to refrain from entering the Temple enclosure,
on pain of death.
Second Temple Stone - A stone (2.43x1 meters) with Hebrew language
inscription "To the Trumpeting Place" excavated by B. Mazar at the southern
foot of the Temple Mount. It is believed that this was a part of the Second
Temple.
Sefire stele - described as "the best extrabiblical source for West Semitic
traditions of covenantal blessings and curses."[34]
Shebna's lintel inscription - found over the doorway of a tomb, has been
ascribed to Hezekiah's comptroller Shebna.
Shiphrah slave list - Shiphrah was one of two midwives who helped prevent
the genocide of Hebrew children by the Egyptians, according to the Book of
Exodus 1:15-21. The name is found in a list of slaves in Egypt during the
reign of Sobekhotep III. This list is on Brooklyn 35.1446, a papyrus scroll
kept in the Brooklyn Museum.
Shishaq Relief - depicts Egypt's victory over King Rehoboam c. 925 BC, time
of the plunder of Solomon's Temple in Judah.
Siloam inscription - inscription records the construction of Hezekiah's
tunnel in the 8th century BC .
Stele of Zakkur - mentions Hazael king of Aram.
Staircase that may have led up to the Temple
Stepped Stone Structure - has been suggested as being Jebusite, the Millo,
or part of the Large Stone Structure, which has been suggested as being part
of King David's palace.
Susa remains - Susa is mentioned in the Ketuvim of the Hebrew Bible, mainly
in Esther, but also once each in Nehemiah and Daniel. Both Daniel and
Nehemiah lived in Susa during the Babylonian captivity of Judah of the 6th
century BC. Esther became queen there, and saved the Jews from genocide. A
tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-
Daniel. The tomb is marked by an unusual white, stone cone, which is neither
regular nor symmetric. Many scholars believe it was at one point a Star of
David.
Taylor Prism - a clay prism inscribed with the annals of the Assyrian king
Sennacherib notable for describing his siege of Jerusalem in 701 BC during
the reign of king Hezekiah. This event is recorded in several books
contained in Bible including Isaiah chapters 33 and 36; 2 Kings 18:17; 2
Chronicles 32:9. This event is also recorded by Herodotus.
Tel Dan Stele - a stele commemorating victory by Aramaeans against the
Israelites. It is claimed by a number of scholars that the inscription
contains the phrase House of David, although this translation has been
disputed.
Tombs - see Cave of the Patriarchs; Tomb of Daniel; Rachel's Tomb at
Bethlehem;
Ugaritic religious texts - verifies the account of Philo, preserved by
Eusebius, regarding the Canaanite religion.
Uzziah Tablet - controversial tablet discovered in 1931 by Professor E.L.
Sukenik of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in a Russian convent.
Warren's Shaft - possible route corresponding to the biblical account of
Joab, king David's commander, launching a secretive attack against the
Jebusites, who controlled Jerusalem.
Western Wall - is an important Jewish religious site located in the Old City
of Jerusalem. Just over half the wall, including its 17 courses located
below street level, dates from the end of the Second Temple period, being
constructed around 19 BC by Herod the Great. The remaining layers were added
from the 7th century onwards.
Pool of Bethesda - in the nineteenth century, archaeologists discovered the
remains of a pool exactly matching the description in John’s Gospel. |
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