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Missing tombs of Egypt
Royal tombs still to be unearthed.
Are there are more royal tombs still to be discovered? After all, the
kings of the Old and Middle Kingdoms were buried in pyramids, rulers of the
New Kingdom were interred in the Valley of the Kings and that's that.
However, if one looks more closely into royal burials it is quite clear
that many tombs have yet to be found (whether these same tombs have escaped
the attentions of tomb robbers over the millennia is quite another matter).
Starting with the Predynastic Period - the tomb of the unifier of Egypt,
Narmer remains to be located (the tomb belonging to his predecessor, the
Scorpion King, remains in question - a tomb previously identified with him
has been challenged, a German team are presently looking for perhaps the
true tomb of this ancient king).
Old and Middle Kingdoms - due to the impressive nature of their burial
tombs, few tombs from this period remain hidden (similarly little remains of
the inhabitants - from the Step Pyramid, all that remains of Djoser is a
mummified foot). From the chaotic times of the 1st and 2nd Intermediate
periods many hazy kings came and went, the brief reigns they shared
restricting any grand burial plans - do the tombs of these kings await
discovery in the years to come?
Even with the coming of the New Kingdom and the burials within the
Valley of the Kings (and Valley of the Queens), tombs are still missing -
the founder of the 18th Dynasty, Ahmose has yet to have his burial place
identified (although his mummy was found as part of the burial cache from
TT320, which suggests that his original tomb had been violated).
Nicholas Reeves and with Geoffrey Martin (the Amarna Royal Tombs Project
) are currently searching for an Amarna Period burial within the Valley of
the Kings (they suspect that Nefertiti herself may be buried there, her
mummy moved to this final resting place following the 'closing down' of the
royal tomb at Amarna under the rule of Tutankhamun).
Is there a 3rd grand cache of royal mummies waiting to be discovered? A
faint graffiti left in the tomb of Horemheb by the High Priest Herihor may
suggest that other royal mummies were being moved to a secret tomb (these
mummies could include Horemheb, Ay and Tuthmosis I). Could this cache be
hidden with the undiscovered tomb of High Priest Herihor himself? (Professor
Andrzej Niwinski has recently been searching for this tomb using an ancient
tomb robbers' map).
What other tombs remain to be discovered? Here is rough guide to tomb
locations, known and unknown:
1st Dynasty
.
King location notes
. Hor-Aha Abydos - B19 27 storerooms above ground, 5 below
. Djer Abydos - tomb 0 with 300 satellite burials
. Djet Abydos - tomb 2 .
. Wadj . .
. Den Abydos .
. Semerkhet .
.
. Qa'a (Ka'a) Abydos
.
2nd Dynasty
. King location notes
. Hotepsekhemwy Saqqara location near to the later built
pyramid of Unas
UNKNOWN Raneb Saqqara ??? could be concealed under later
constructions
UNKNOWN Nynetjer Saqqara ??? could have been destroyed by
construction of Unas's pyramid
. Seth-Peribsen . .
.
Khasekhemwy Abydos .
3rd Dynasty
. King location notes
UNKNOWN Sanakhte Saqqara ???
.
.
Djoser Saqqara
.
UNKNOWN ??? Sekhemkhet Saqqara an empty sealed sarcophagus
belonging to him was found within his step pyramid, prompting thoughts that
he may still lay undiscovered somewhere near...
UNKNOWN ??? Khaba Zawiyet el - Aryan the 'Layer-Pyramid' may
be his
UNKNOWN ??? Huni Meidum ??? thought to have been buried by his
son-in-law Snefru in the Meidum pyramid, but there is no direct evidence
linking Huni with this pyramid.
4th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Snefru Dahshur two pyramids built
.
Khufu Giza
.
UNKNOWN ??? Djedefre Abu Rowesh ? started pyramid but never
finished
. Khafre Giza .
.
Menkaure Giza .
. Shepseskaf South Saqqara .
5th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Userkaf Saqqara
.
.
Sahure Abusir
.
UNKNOWN Neferirkare ? mortuary temple at Abusir
. Sheoseskare ? .
.
Neferefre Abusir .
. Niuserre Abusir .
??? Menkauhor Saqqara pyramid and sun temple unknown, it is
thought that the 'headless' pyramid at Saqqara may belong to him
. Djedkare Saqqara .
. Unas Saqqara .
6th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Teti Saqqara
.
.
Pepi I Saqqara
.
. Merenre Saqqara .
. Pepi II Saqqara .
First Intermediate Period comprising the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th
dynasties a time of chaos in ancient Egypt , a chaos which stretches itself
to locating tombs of this period!
11th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Intef I Dra Abu el-Naga (western Thebes)
.
.
Intef II Dra Abu el-Naga (western Thebes)
.
??? Intef III although his tomb has not yet been identified, it is
most likely to be placed near to the tombs of Intef I & II .
. Mentuhotep II Deir el-Bahri .
??? Mentuhotep III Deir el-Bahri ??? (some sources state his tomb
has not been found, some point to an empty tomb) .
UNKNOWN ??? Mentuhotep IV ? .
12th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Amenemhet I El-Lisht Pyramid
.
Sesostris I El-Lisht Pyramid
. Amenemhet II Dahshur Pyramid
. Sesostris II El-Lahun Pyramid
. Sesostris III Dahshur Pyramid
. Amenemhet III Dahshur Pyramid
??? Amenemhet IV Dahshur ? (although it has no identifying
marks, by slight technical improvements over the pyramid of Amenemhet III it
has been linked with Amenemhet IV)
??? Queen Sobeknefru Dahshur ? (by use of a similar
identification method as that used on the pyramid of Amenemhet IV, a pyramid
has been identified as the burial place of Queen Sobeknefru).
Second Intermediate Period comprising the 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th and
17th dynasties after the calm and prosperity of the 11th and 12 dynasies
chaos again descends in ancient Egypt , locating tombs of the different
kings is again difficult (some have been located, Hor and Neferhotep I, for
example) - a table for these dynasties may appear in the future.
18th Dynasty
. King location notes
UNKNOWN Ahmose ? mummy was found as part of the cache of
mummies found in TT320, one of his shabti's have also been found.
UNKNOWN . Amenhotep I ? mummy was found as part of the cache of
mummies found in TT320.
. Tuthmosis I Valley of Kings .
. Tuthmosis II Valley of Kings .
. Hatshepsut Valley of Kings .
. Tuthmosis III Valley of Kings . .
. Amenhotep II Valley of Kings .
. Tuthmosis IV Valley of Kings .
. Amenhotep III Valley of Kings .
. Akhenaten Amarna .
. Smenkhkare Valley of Kings .
. Tutankhamun Valley of Kings .
. Ay Valley of Kings .
. Horemheb Valley of Kings .
19th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Ramesses I Valley of Kings .
. Seti I Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses II Valley of Kings .
. Merenptah Valley of Kings .
. Amenmesses Valley of Kings .
. Seti II Valley of Kings . .
. Siptah Valley of Kings .
. Queen Twosret Valley of Kings .
20th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Setnakhte Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses III Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses IV Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses V Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses VI Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses VII Valley of Kings . .
. . Ramesses VIII Valley of Kings .
. . Ramesses IX Valley of Kings .
. Ramesses X Valley of Kings .
UNKNOWN . Ramesses XI ? He was intended to be buried in
KV4, the tomb was abandoned unfinished, Ramesses XI was instead buried
somewhere else - this tomb has not been found
21st Dynasty
. King location notes
UNKNOWN . Smendes I ? .
UNKNOWN . Amenemnisu ? .
. Psusennes I Tanis .
. Amenemope Tanis .
UNKNOWN . Osorkon (the elder) ? .
. Siamun Tanis . .
. . Psusennes II Tanis .
22nd Dynasty
. King location notes
Sheshonq I Tanis .
UNKNOWN . Osorkon I ? .
. Takelot I Tanis .
. Sheshonq Tanis .
UNKNOWN . Takelot II ? .
. Sheshonq III Tanis . .
UNKNOWN . Pami ? .
UNKNOWN . Sheshonq V ? .
UNKNOWN . Osorkon IV ? .
23rd Dynasty
. King location notes
UNKNOWN . Pedibastet I ? .
UNKNOWN . Sheshonq IV ? .
UNKNOWN . Osorkon III ? .
UNKNOWN . Takelot III ? .
UNKNOWN . Rudamon ? .
UNKNOWN . Iuput ? . .
UNKNOWN . Peftjauabastet ? .
UNKNOWN . Nimlot ? .
24th Dynasty
. King location notes
UNKNOWN . Tefnakht I ? .
UNKNOWN . Bakenrenef ? .
25th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Piankhi Napata (Nubia) .
. Shabaka Napata .
. Shebitku Napata .
. Taharqa Napata .
. Tantamun Napata .
26th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Psamtik I (Psammetichus I) . .
. Nekau . .
. Psamtik II (Psammetichus II) Sais Sais was probably the
royal cemetary of the 26th Dynasty
. Wahibre (Apries) . .
. Ahmose II . .
UNKNOWN . Psamtik III ? executed by the Persians
27th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Cambyses II Takht-i-Rustam near Persepolis
. Darius I Naqsh-i-Rustam at Persepolis
. Xerxes . .
. Artaxerxes I . .
. Darius II . .
Artaxerxes II .
28th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Amyrtaeus . .
29th Dynasty
. King location notes
UNKNOWN - ? Nefaarud I Mendes ? Thought to have been buried at
Mendes, but no royal burials have been discovered (however, an ushabti
inscribed for him has been found - as well as a plundered sarcophagus)
30th Dynasty
. King location notes
. Nakhtnebef (Nectanebo I) . .
. Djedhor . .
. Nakhthoreb (Nectanebo II) Probably buried in Sais his tomb
was probably destroyed by the Ptolemies (in the British Museum is a black
sarcophagus, inscribed for Nakhthoreb but never used).
31st Dynasty
. King location notes
. Artaxerxes III . .
. Arses . .
. Darius III . .
Macedonian Kings
. King location notes
UNKNOWN Alexander the Great Somwhere beneath the streets of
Alexanderia Died in Babylon, while being transported back to Greece
through Egypt, Ptolemy I took the body of Alexander and transported it to a
mausoleum somwhere in Alexanderia.
. Philip Arrhidaeus . .
. Alexander IV . .
Ptolemaic Dynasty
. King location notes
. Ptolemy I Soter . .
. Ptolemy II Philadelphus . .
. Ptolemy III Euergeter I . .
. Ptolemy IV Philopator . .
. Ptolemy V Epiphanes . .
. Ptolemy VI Philometor . .
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
Ptolemy IX Soter II
Ptolemy X Alexander I
Ptolemy XI Aleaxnder II
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
Queen Berenice IV
Queen Cleopatra VII royal mausoleum in the Sema at Alexandria
(along with Antony)
Ptolemy XV Cesarion |
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